Fungal diseases of poultry have become problematic as bacterial and viral diseases. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the prevalence of fungal agents in broiler chickens suffering from respiratory disorders. The prevalence rate of fungal isolation was 53.1% including mycelia fungi (42%) and yeast isolates (11.1%). Mould isolates were identified as Aspergillus fumigatus (21.7%), Aspergillus flavus (8.4%), Aspergillus niger (8.4%), Aspergillus nidulans (1.3%), Cladosporium spp. (0.4%) and Penicillium spp. (1.8%). Concerning yeast isolates, Candida spp. was the most predominant which were identified as C. albicans, C. pseudotropicalis (2.7% each), C. krusei, C. regosa (2.2% each), and C. stellatoidea (0.4%). Moreover, one Cryptococcus sp. was recovered and identified as C. neoformans (0.9%). PCR assay using oligonucleotide primer amplifying a 570 bp fragment based on ITS region gene was conducted on randomly selected 9 isolates including 6 Aspergillus spp. (A. flavus, A. niger, A. fumigates; 2 each) as well as 3 yeast isolates (two isolates of C. albicans and one isolate of C. neoformans). All tested isolates had positive reactions.

; "> Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis vaccine was prepared from a local field isolate. Vaccination of sheep with 50?g PLD toxoid and 10 mg bacterin adjuvanted with Montanide oil improved the levels of immune responses of sheep. In many countries, inactivated C. pseudotuberculosis adjuvant vaccines have been used for prevention and control of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep. However, the efficacy was variable. The aim of the present study was directed to prepare and evaluate the potency of an inactivated C. pseudotuberculosis vaccine using Montanide ISA206. Sheep were vaccinated with 1st dose of 2ml containing 10 mg bacterin and 50?g toxoid and Montanide ISA 206 oil adjuvant and boostered with the same dose 15 days Apart. Evaluation of post vaccinal cellular immune response with lymphocyte proliferation assay and humoral immune response using ELISA was carried out. Cell mediated immune response of vaccinated sheep reached its peak 0.445 by 1st week post the second vaccination. The level of humoral immune response showed optical density of 1.005 by 1st week post the second vaccination. Challenge test was done in all sheep four weeks after the second dose of vaccination. Three sheep from vaccinated and three sheep from non-vaccinated groups were slaughtered and necropsied 150 days post challenge. The results revealed 75% protection percentage against challenge while unvaccinated challenged sheep showed 9% protection. Statistical analysis indicated that the vaccine assessed a significant level of cellular and humoral immunity.

The present study was carried out on 22 cows suffering from ruminal impaction with plastic materials as foreign bodies and ten apparently healthy cows as a control group. Clinical examination included clinical signs, temperature, pulse, respiratory rate and ruminal motility were recorded prior to treatment. Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte count (RBCs), total leucocytes (WBCs) count and the glutaraldehyde test were performed. Ruminal fluid was evaluated for pH and the methylene blue reduction time (MBRT). The mean pH of rumen fluid, MBRT, total leucocytes count, and PCV were increased significantly (P<0.05). Rumen motility was significantly reduced (P<0.05) preoperative in the animals suffering from rumen impaction, but the mean value of pulse rate, respiration rate, temperature, glutaraldehyde test, haemoglobin and total erythrocyte count were non-significantly changed. On the 5th postoperative day the clinical and the laboratory parameters in the study group had largely become normalized. Six months after the procedure, 18 (81.9%) cows showed complete recovery and 4 (18.9%) animals were slaughtered within 3 months following surgery. This study concluded that the clinical and laboratory findings might be of diagnostic importance. Rumen impaction with plastic materials should be differentiated from anorexia, emaciation, ruminal hypomotility, tympany and dehydration in cows. The surgical removal of foreign body demonstrated positive effects on animal health.

In the current study, a total of 20 and 78 milk samples were collected from animals showed signs of clinical and subclinical mastitis, for isolation and identification of different causative pathogens in some dairy farms of Beni-Suef Governorate, and for investigation of in vitro sensitivity. The recovered microorganisms were Staphylococcus species (n=79; 80.61%), Enterococcus spp. (n=28; 28.57%), CAMP negative Streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=7; 7.14%), E. coli (n=3; 3.06%) and Proteus vulgaris (n=1; 1.02%). Antibiogram profile for S. aureus showed that the most effective drug was vancomycin and the least was penicillin. Trials were done to detect biofilm production for recovered isolates of S. aureus (n=23) by the use of a phenotypic method (Congo red agar, CRA) and genotypic methods through determination of some biofilm related genes using PCR. All recovered S. aureus isolates were seeded on the CRA media to detect the biofilm forming ability. It has been found that all tested isolates showed a biofilm forming ability either strong (13; 56.52%) or intermediate (10; 43.48%). The detection of some biofilm associated genes (icaA, icaD and bap genes) using polymerase chain reaction revealed that two (10.53%) isolates out of 19 were negative for all tested genes, 16 (84.21%) isolates harbored both icaA and icaD gene, while only one (5.26%) isolate had all tested genes.

"> This study was carried out to detect the efficiency of different concentrations of medicinal herbal extract as decontaminant agent on broiler carcasses. Therefore, a total of twelve broiler carcasses treated with sumac extract (4% and 8% w/v) and rosemary extract (0.3% and 0.5% w/v) and stored at 0±1°C. All treated carcasses were sensory and microbiologically analyzed. It has been found that there were no changes in color and odor of treated carcasses, either by sumac extract (8% w/v) or rosemary extract (0.5% w/v), however, a reduction in the total bacterial count, coliforms count, E. coli count and Staphylococcus spp. count one/two log less than control samples and shelf-life of broiler carcasses was noticed and extended three to six days more than the control. From the present study, it could be concluded that sumac extract (8% w/v) and rosemary extract (0.5% w/v) are effective as broiler meat decontaminant and preservative.

; "> This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ca soap of palm oil fatty acids (CSFA), as a protected fat, on milk composition and the performance of both ewes and lambs. Thirty-three crossbred ewes aged 2-3 years and weighed 41-44 kg were allocated in three unequal groups for A, B &C (10, 12 &11 ewes, respectively). Group A was fed a diet free from protected fat and kept as a control. Group B was fed a diet containing 4 % fat and group C was given a diet containing 8 % fat. The ewes were in the last month of pregnancy and the experiment extended till the end of late lactation (4.5 months). Milk composition was tested, and body change in ewes and nursing lambs was traced. Moreover, the effect of fat addition on dry matter intake of ewes was analyzed. Results revealed a decrease in dry matter intake in the late gestation and an increase in early lactation, with no significant differences in the late lactation. The effect followed the amount of fat added. There was no effect on ewe’s body weight change or lamb’s growth rate from birth to weaning. On milk composition, there was an increase in fat %, higher in group B and total solids%, while percentage of protein was decreased. Concerning fat supplementation, no effect on lactose, urea milk nitrogen, and somatic cell counts was detected. There was a decreased level of solids-not-fat in group B, while group C showed no detectable alterations. In conclusion CSFA supplementation was effective to increase the fat % and yield in milk of sheep especially at the rate of 4% of addition.

0px; "> Omphalitis is a major cause of increased first week-chick mortality. Omphalitis, navel-yolk sac infection, is a hatchery-born disease, and also known as ‘mushy chick disease’ or ‘navel ill’. It is a common disease of chicks and poults, often artificially hatched chicks, causing high losses in the brooding period, as a bacterium penetrates the porous egg shell. As incubation conditions are suitable for bacterial growth and incubating eggs as well, various bacteria, such as E. coli, staphylococci, Proteus, Clostridium fecali and Pseudomonas may be involved in the yolk sac infection. The present study aimed to determine bacterial causes of omphalitis through isolation and identification of such pathogens. Therefore, samples from 216 yolk sacs were collected from chicks with unabsorbed yolk materials that could even smell putrid. Among those, 196 (90.7%) were positive; 135 (62.5%) harboured single bacterial strains and 61 (28.2%) had mixed infections. The most prevalent single bacterial isolates were E. coli (110 isolates) and P. aeruginosa (11 isolates). Meanwhile, the most predominant mixed bacterial strains were E. coli with Salmonella spp. (16 isolates; 7.4%) and E. coli with P. aeruginosa (13 isolates; 6%). Other mixed infections were found in low percentages. Most E. coli strains were Congo red-positive and non-haemolytic. Different E. coli serogroups were serologically identified including O27 (4 isolates; 20%), O157 (3isolates; 15%), O26 (3 isolates; 15%) and one isolate of each of the following; O78, O6, O125, O44, O15, O115, O25, O168, O112 and O63 (each of 5%). Different Salmonella serogroups were identified including S. cremieu (2 isolates) and one isolate of each of the following S. enteritidis, S. blegdam, S. senftenberg, S. kingston and S. emek.Isolated bacteria differed insusceptibility. The adhesion-encoding genes (crl and fimH genes) of E. coli were detected by cPCR. It has been concluded that chicks with omphalitis harboured different pathogens and they are considered a source of infection during the successive days of life in broiler chickens.

"> A total of 100 random muscle samples of Oreochromis niloticus, Claries lazera, imported Mugil cephalus and Scomber scombrus fish (25 of each) were collected from different markets in Fayoum City for determination of lead, cadmium, copper and mercury residual levels to ascertain whether these levels exceeded the prescribed legal limits. The mean mercury level in the edible muscles tissues of fish species were ranged from below detectable level to 0.29 ppm in local fish and to 0.28 ppm in imported fish. The residual levels were not exceeded the prescribed legal limits of the European Commission Regulation (EC). The highest mean levels of cadmium were recorded in Mackerel (0.119 ± 0.060, ppm) which exceeded the permitted values stipulated by European Commission (EC). The samples in this study contained copper within of the general guideline limit for copper in food. The highest mean levels of lead were also recorded in Mackerel (0.477±0.073 ppm) which exceeded the permitted value stipulated by European Commission (EC). The results were evaluated according to International standards of WHO and EC. The provisional tolerable weekly intakes used in this study to assess the relative safety of marketed in Fayoum. The public health significance of heavy metal residues in fishes were also discussed.

The present study was carried out for studying the prevalence of equine herpes virus-1 infection among equines in different Governorates of Egypt. One hundred eighty two equines of different ages, sexes, localities and breeds showing signs of fever, respiratory manifestations, abortions, ataxia, dog sitting position, limb edema, foal depression and death were examined for the isolation of EHV-1 on both embryonated chicken eggs and baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell culture, the aborted fetuses were histologically examined for the detection of inclusion bodies. Serum samples were collected to detect immunoglobulin-G specific to EHV-1 by using ELISA. Nasopharyngeal swabs isolated virus and the aborted fetal tissues were tested by PCR using specific primers to prove the infection with EHV-1. The prevalence of EHV-1 infection in the examined animals was recorded as 4.94%. It was prevalent in Cairo, Giza, Kafr Elsheikh, Monofeia, El Sharkia Governorates. The EHV-1 was isolated on the embryo chicken eggs and the pock lesion was appeared on the chorio-allantoic membranes. The cytopathic effects were also observed in tissue cultures. The Liver of aborted fetuses showed necrosis of all hepatic tissue and activation of Kupffer cells with hemosiderin and the detection of eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Indirect ELISA could detect IgG in all infected equines (n=9) from which EHV-1 isolated. PCR proved the infection with EHV-1 in the aborted fetal (n=3) tissues and gave similar results by using the horses nasopharyngeal swabs isolated virus where 489 bp PCR products were detected in both. In conclusion, EHV-1 is prevalent in different Governorates in Egypt. EHV-1 infection could be diagnosed by intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the aborted fetal tissues. The indirect ELISA could diagnose EHV-1 infection in all ages and sexes groups. PCR applied on aborted fetal tissues is better for the diagnosis of EHV-1 infection than that based on the horse nasopharyngeal swabs isolated virus due to saving time and money.

The experiment applied on four groups of calves, each of four calves. Three calves from each group were vaccinated with one of the following attenuated vaccines: Lumpy skin disease vaccine (LSD), Romanian sheep pox (RSP) vaccine, Held goat pox (HGP) vaccine and dual (bivalent) vaccine of SPV and GPV. All vaccines were evaluated by estimating the cellular immunity using lymphocyte blastogenesis measured by XTT assay, and humeral immunity using serum neutralization and ELISA tests of vaccinated calves. The NI coincided with the ELISA antibody results and corroborated the results of cell mediated immunity which demonstrated the capacity of LSD and dual vaccines to induce immune response higher than SP vaccine and GP vaccines. In conclusion, the current study proved that the LSD and dual vaccines were highly immunogenic than the RSP and HGP vaccines, and dual vaccine could be safely used for vaccination of cattle against lumpy skin disease.

"> Coagulase negative Staphylococci are the most prevalent cause of bovine subclinical mastitis. The current study were designed to study their occurrence, antibiogram and their ability to form biofilms. A total number of 95 CNS isolates were recovered from 400 lactating. S. xylosus (36.84%), S. chromogenes (12.63%), S. epidermidis (10.53%), S. saprophyticus (8.42%), S. haemolyticus (7.38%) were the most common recovered species. Disk diffusion method against 14 antimicrobials discs was used to detect their antibiogram. 100% were sensitive to Imipenem, 96.84% were sensitive to Enrofloxacin, 85.26% to Chlramphenicol and 84.21% to Vancomycin. But, 95.79% were resistant to Ampicillin, 77.9% resistant to Cefoxitin, 35.8% resistant to Cefuroxime, 32.63% resistant to Amoxycillin and 18.95% resistant to Clindamycin. Cultivation on Congo Red Agar (CRA) was carried out to detect biofilm formation. 47.37% were positive and S. epidermidis was the most biofilm positive species on CRA by the percentage of 70%. Haemolysins were studied by cultivating CNS on sheep blood agar. 25.26% were ß-haemolytic, 71.57% (n=68) were ?- haemolytic and 3.15% were a- haemolytic.

Infectious bronchitis (IB), Newcastle disease (ND) and Avian influenza (AI) are highly contagious and the most economically important diseases of the poultry affecting the respiratory tract and causing economic losses in the poultry industry throughout the world. In the present study, 180 broiler flocks were sampled from 6 different Egyptian provinces (Giza, Qaluobia, Sharqia, Menofia, Al Behira and Fayoum) during 2014 to 2015. The birds showed respiratory illness and they were examined for 4 respiratory viral diseases; avian influenza (AI subtype H5 and H9), vNDV and IBV. All farms were vaccinated against IBV, ND and AI and were investigated using RT-PCR. The results showed that 41 out of 180 broiler farms were positive for either IBV or vND or AI-H5 and AI-H9 as a single infection as follows: 24, 10, 5 and 2 farms respectively. There were 62 farms detected as mixed infection, the highest incidence was shown in 40 farms co-infected with IBV and AI (H9) and 11 with IBV and vNDV, rRT-PCR results for each governorate separately go more or less parallel to that of all governorates collectively, There was no clear geographical preferences in positive viruses among governorates. ,Mortality rate and clinical signs incidence showed the highest percentage for birds reared in winter and Autumn compared with the other seasons. The results revealed that IBV as a single or a mixed infection had a major role in the respiratory problem in the field.

> Brucellosis is considered an economically important highly contagious and zoonotic bacterial disease of water buffaloes. Control of brucellosis in buffaloes is very important for public health. The efficacy of control program depends on the detection and eradication of infected animals coupled with vaccination and application of biosecurity. This study was carried out to control the brucellosis in buffalo farm in Assuit Governorate, Egypt during the period from April 2015 to August 2016. Out of 620 unvaccinated buffaloes, 87 (14.03%) aborted. Moreover, 90/620(14.51%), 82/620(13.22%), 82/620(13.22%), and 80/620 (12.9%) buffaloes were serologically positive by BAPA, RBPT, m SAT and Riv.T, respectively. Three isolates were differentiated as Brucella melitensis, biovar 3, one strain isolated from one vaginal swap out of 10 Riv.T. positive recently aborted buffaloes (10%) and two strains were isolated out of ten milk samples of Riv.T. positive buffaloes (20%). Eighty serological positive buffaloes to Riv.T were culled from the herd, while 60 serological negative heifers were vaccinated by Brucella abortus S 19 vaccine, with a dose of 3-8×109 cfu/5ml and monitored for serological titer for 240 days. After 6 months of vaccination, the number of serologically positive calves declined marginally to 50 (83.33%), 40 (66.67%), 50 (83.33%), 0 (0%), 40 (66.67%) and 0 (0%) by BAPA, RBPT, mSAT, CFT, iELISA and cELISA, respectively. Three successive serological tests every three weeks were done by screening tests, BAPA and RBPT and confirmed by Riv.T. At the end of the control program, all examined buffaloes were serologically negative. Application of biosecurity in the farm was applied by the sanitary disposal of aborted material and application of proper disinfectants at its recommended work strength and contact time.

Schistosoma mansoni worms inhabit the portal triad affecting blood elements. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare ameliorative effects of Commiphora molmol extract (Mirazid, MZD) and praziquantel (PZQ) on some biochemical parameters in S. mansoni-infected mice. Accordingly, Swiss albino mice (n=72) were used and were divided into 4 equal groups; 18 mice each. Group (1) was uninfected non-treated control. Mice in infected groups administered 100 S. mansoni cercariae/mouse. Group (2) contained infected non-treated mice. Group (3) was infected and treated with MZD at a dose of 500 mg/kg for 5 successive days. Group (4) was infected and treated with PZQ in a dose of 500 mg/kg for 2 successive days. Treatment started 7 weeks post infection (WPT) by the oral route. Blood samples were collected at the 1st, 2nd and 4th weeks post treatment for liver functions (ALT, AST and ALP), kidney functions tests (blood urea and serum creatinine) and cholinergic function (serum cholinesterase level). PZQ ameliorated activities of serum enzymes; alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase more than MZD compared to infected untreated group. PZQ significantly decreased ALT at 1, 2 and 4 WPT as well as AST and ALP activity at 2 and 4 WPT whereas, MZD resulted in significant reduction in ALT activity at the 1st, 2nd and 4th WPT. AST and ALP activities appeared at the 2nd and 4th WPT. PZQ caused progressive significant reduction in elevated levels of urea and creatinine at the 1st, 2nd and 4th WPT, respectively that produced by MZD. PZQ and MZD induced a significant elevation in the level of AChE. Such effect was early detected MZD, and it was showed at the 2nd and 4th WPT for PZQ. It was concluded that PZQ and MZD were safe drugs with no adverse biochemical effects on S. mansoni-infected treated mice with potential action done by PZQ rather than MZD.

Forty samples of crustaceans, 20 shrimp (local, imported, peeled and nonpeeled) and 20 local chilled samples were collected from Beni-Suef markets. Samples were evaluated by physiochemical deteriorative criteria (pH, TVBN) and bacteriological quality including APC at 35°C (mesophils), APC at 7°C (psycrotrophs), coliforms (MPN), fecal coliform (MPN), E. coli (MPN), S. aureus count and isolation and identification of specific pathogens (E. coli, and S. aurerus). All fresh and frozen seafood samples were judged as safe food from the microbiological point of view. The total mesophillic, psychrotrophic and S. aureus of all examined seafood samples lied within the standard permissible limits.

Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is the causative agent of chicken infectious anemia (CIA). Studying CAV isolates in Egypt and their genetic diversity and its potential role in vaccination failure recently noticed in broiler flocks, is lacking in Egypt. So, the present study aimed to characterize CAV isolate-collected from a commercial broiler flock suffered from severe anemia and high mortality based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis of partial VP1 gene as well as to study pathogenicity and immunosuppressive potential in one day-old SPF chicks. The CAV isolate proved to be positive by PCR. The PCR product was sequenced and submitted to the gene bank under the accession number KX171350 and the CAV strain was designated as CLEVB-Zag2. Phylogenetic analysis at the nucleotide and amino acids level classify CLEVB-Zag2 CAV under group III (genotype III) of CAVs. On the other hand, the CLEVB-Zag2 CAV was found to be highly pathogenic for the experimentally inoculated SPF- chicks showing depression, severe anemia in almost all chicks in two infected groups beginning at the 7th day post infection (PI) and reached the peak of severity at the 14th day (hematocrit value, hemoglobin conc. and RBCs counts) are significantly reduced in chicks of the infected group. Blue wings were observed in few chicks in each infected group at the 14th day PI. Macroscopic lesions consisting of subcutaneous and muscular hemorrhages are observed with pale bone marrow, significant atrophy of thymus, spleen and bursa, hepatomegally with mottled liver and paleness of the carcasses were detected 7 days PI Those findings were evident and increased in severity until the day 14 PI. Concerning the CLEVB-Zag2 CAV, it was found to be highly immunosuppressive in the infected SPFchicks vaccinated with a commercial potent inactivated H5N1 vaccine as manifested by a significant reduction (protection 50%). The variance in the titer of the shieded challenge H5N1 virus was 1.45 log10 and the mean HI titer at the 4th week post vaccination was 1.5 log2 compared with the non-infected vaccinated group where these values were 90%, 2.35 log10 and 5.3 log2; respectively. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the CLEVB-Zag2 CAV isolate is highly pathogenic and immunosuppressive.

A clear understanding of the pulmonary morphology of domestic animals is essential for the recognition and investigation of any anatomical variations. The right and left lungs of small ruminants and dog are separated into distinct lobes by inter lobar fissures. The right lung in these animals typically divides into 5 and 4 lobes, respectively. However, the left lung divides into 3 lobes. We report a case of congenital absence of the middle lobe of the right lung of a sheep and extra lobation in the left lungs of two dogs in Trinidad. This case report is of value to veterinary radiologists, pathologists, and veterinary public health inspectors during examination and investigation of the thoracic cavity of the sheep and dog.